Science
The research the BLOCKS assistant answers from: 1,148 studies and 81 guides, each graded for how strong the evidence is and who it was measured on, with a link to the original paper.
1,148 entries
C+The effect of pedaling frequency on glycogen depletion rates in type I and type II quadriceps muscle fibers during submaximal cycling exercise8 men, 30 min at about 85% of aerobic capacity at 50 vs 100 rev/min: type II fibres lost more glycogen at 50 rev/min (49% vs 33%), type I fibres did not differ (46% vs 35%); one acute session, no…Ahlquist 1992BEffects of low- vs. high-cadence interval training on cycling performance18 road cyclists, 4 weeks, 8 sessions of explosive single-leg jumps alternating with high-intensity ergometer sprints at 60-70 or 110-120 rpm: the low-cadence group improved 60-s power, peak power…Paton 2009B+Effectiveness of interventions in reducing pain and maintaining physical activity in children and adolescents with calcaneal apophysitis (Sever's disease): a systematic reviewNine low-quality studies, no meta-analysis possible; limited evidence that orthoses gave more short-term pain relief than heel raises, and limited evidence overall for heel raises and orthoses in…James 2013A-International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: Consensus statementSudden cardiac death is the leading cause of mortality in athletes during sport; most of the disorders behind it in young athletes can be identified or suggested by a resting 12-lead ECG, and an…Drezner 2017AConsensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in SportAmsterdam, October 2022: the Concussion in Sport Group's sixth statement, built on 10 systematic reviews, summarises evidence-informed principles of concussion prevention, assessment and management…Patricios 2023APolicy statement — Climatic heat stress and exercising children and adolescents (American Academy of Pediatrics): contrary to previous thinking, youth do not thermoregulate worse, have less cardiovascular capacity or tolerate exertion less than adults in the heat when adequately hydrated; the main risks are poor hydration, undue exertion, too little recovery between bouts or same-day sessions, and heat-retaining clothing and equipment — all modifiable, so exertional heat illness is usually preventableBergeron 2011ARecommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations: A Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep MedicineSleep is essential for optimal health in children and adolescents, and AASM members used a modified RAND Appropriateness Method to set consensus amounts of sleep by age; the abstract itself does not…Paruthi 2016ASports Dietitians Australia position statement: sports nutrition for the adolescent athleteAdolescent athletes have unique nutritional needs from training plus growth; eat for long-term health, match eating to the day's exercise, spread quality carbohydrate and protein across the day…Desbrow 2014AThe Female Athlete Triad — American Academy of Pediatrics clinical report: the triad (menstrual function, bone health and energy availability, each ranging from optimal health to disease) arises when energy intake falls short of covering the energy spent in exercise, can appear as one component or any mix of them, and can weigh more on adolescents than adults since adolescence is the key window for building bone massWeiss Kelly 2016BAn assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurementsSex-specific equations from height, sitting height, leg length and age predict years from peak height velocity (maturity offset) with R2 0.92 in boys and 0.91 in girls; the authors advise using the…Mirwald 2002BSport injuries aligned to peak height velocity in talented pubertal soccer players26 talented players followed for 3 years around the growth spurt had more traumatic injuries in the year of peak height velocity than the year before, a moderate rise in overuse injuries after it…van der Sluis 2013B+A systematic review on conservative treatment options for Osgood-Schlatter diseaseUp to 10% of adolescents are affected by this sport- and growth-associated knee condition; thirteen studies (only two RCTs, quality poor to moderate) covering 747 patients and 937 knees found…Neuhaus 2021ASports Specialization and Intensive Training in Young AthletesAAP clinical report: specialising too early may have detrimental physical and psychological effects, intensive training carries risks whether or not the athlete is specialised, and the right timing…Brenner 2016AThe NSCA's updated position statement on youth resistance trainingThe association holds that children and adolescents following age-specific guidelines can gain many of the benefits adults get from resistance training, and updates its 1996 statement on risks…Faigenbaum 2009AInternational Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic developmentThe IOC critically evaluated the science and practice of youth athlete development and set out guiding principles for developing healthy, resilient and capable youth athletes, with opportunities for…Bergeron 2015CLongitudinal changes in wearable-captured physiology before sudden cardiac deathA single case report: in a 76-year-old man with advanced structural heart disease who died minutes after high-intensity indoor cycling, a retrospective change-point analysis of his Apple Watch and…Lautman 2026BFunctional overreaching: the key to peak performance during the taper?In 33 trained male triathletes, the overloaded athletes who stayed only acutely fatigued gained more over a 4-week taper than those who became functionally overreached, and more than controls; the…Aubry 2014C+Functional Overreaching in Endurance Athletes: A Necessity or Cause for Concern?A narrative review: the idea that endurance athletes must be driven into functional overreaching to supercompensate is questioned, because some studies show smaller adaptations in overreached…Bellinger 2020BRiding in 5-minute reps with 1-minute rests, trained cyclists held 17 W more at their lactate steady state and lasted 24% longer than in continuous ridingA result that did not repeat for duration in runnersGrossl 2012B+At the same power and the same 30 minutes of work, breaking the ride every 5 minutes with a 30–90-second pause lowered lactate by 1–1.5 mmol/L and removed its drift; the lactate steady state then sits 22–32 W higherBeneke 2003B-In junior skiers 5–10-minute intervals totalling 40–45 minutes improved performance more than 2–4-minute intervals totalling 15–20 minutesThe longer reps came with twice the work timeSandbakk 2013B+At a fixed power equal to that at VO2max, 30-second work periods with 15-second recoveries gave more work and more time at or above 90% of VO2peak before exhaustion than long work periods at the same powerRønnestad & Hansen 2016BOver 10 weeks, effort-matched short intervals raised VO2max by 8.7% against 2.6% for long intervals in cyclistsRønnestad 2015BSelf-paced intervals with 1:1 rest ended at the same RPE (about 17) and lactate (about 4.5 mmol/L) whether the reps were 1, 2, 4 or 6 minutesBut 1-minute reps reached only 82% of VO2max against about 92% for 2–6-minute repsSeiler & Sjursen 2004C+Expert review of sport in the cold: the heat produced by exercise reduces the clothing needed, athletes should not overdress, and warm-up warmth should be kept with insulating clothing until the startOverdressing itself has not been studiedGatterer 2021BRain at 5 °C makes even hard running colder and costlier: rectal temperature was lower from 10 minutes, and oxygen uptake and perceived exertion were higher by 50–60 minutesIto 2019BIn a thin full-body race suit with a 5 m/s wind, hard running was best at −4 to +1 °C and already impaired at +10 °CThe best temperature depends on what is wornSandsund 2012BAt about 70% VO2max in still air, cycling time to exhaustion was longest at 10.5 °C (93.5 min) and shortest at 30.5 °C (51.6 min)An inverted U with temperatureGalloway & Maughan 1997BMarathon performance slows progressively as WBGT rises from 5 to 25 °CTop men were 1.7% off the course record in the 5–10 °C band and 4.5% off at 20–25 °C — and slower runners lose moreEly 2007B+Tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox is the most sensitive sign of a scaphoid fracture (0.87–1.00) but is not specificAfter a fall it means "get it imaged", and a normal first X-ray does not close the questionMallee 2014B+After acute wrist trauma about half of emergency patients have a fracture, and even a validated decision rule (98% sensitive, 21% specific) spares only one X-ray in tenA fall onto the hand with swelling or bone tenderness is imagedWalenkamp 2015BPressure over the ulnar side of the palm is highest in the drops, where the wrist is also most extended, and padded gloves cut it by 10–28%Slane 2011B-After a 600-km ride, 23 of 25 cyclists had motor or sensory symptoms in the hands, regardless of experience or handlebar typePatterson 2003C+Multiple-pulley ruptures are the surgical ones and they are time-critical: double-pulley injuries need surgery if therapy starts later than 10 days after the injury, and full load returns only after 6–9 monthsSimon 2022B+Taping may reduce bowstringing of the finger flexor tendons by 15–22%, but its effect on pain, return time or rupture prevention is not reliableNo definite recommendation for tape can be givenLarsson 2022B-After a complete pulley rupture treated with a pulley-protection splint, 38 of 43 climbers were back at their previous level at a mean of 8.8 months, with no deficit in range of motion or strengthSchneeberger & Schweizer 2016B+Dynamic ultrasound in forced flexion detects finger pulley injuries with 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity; a tendon-to-bone distance above 1.0 mm counts as positiveKlauser 2002BPulley injuries were 20% of 604 climbing injuries; nine in ten ruptures were a single pulley, and grades 1–3 responded to conservative treatment while grade 4 needed surgerySchöffl 2003BAfter a marathon, peak pressure rises under the metatarsal heads and falls under the toesThe load shifts from the toes to the forefootNagel 2008B-Over a 100-km ultramarathon mean foot volume did not changeIt fell in half the runners — and an increase went with higher fluid intake and slower runningCejka 2012