Science
The research the BLOCKS assistant answers from: 1,148 studies and 82 guides, each graded for how strong the evidence is and who it was measured on, with a link to the original paper.
1,148 entries
BDynamic Pacing Strategies during the Cycle Phase of an Ironman TriathlonAbbiss 2006BModelling the Transfers of Training Effects on Performance in Elite TriathletesMillet 2002BTraining-Intensity Distribution During an Ironman Season: Relationship With Competition PerformanceMuñoz 2014B+Trail running injury risk factors: a living systematic reviewViljoen 2022BThe time course of different neuromuscular adaptations to short-term downhill running training and their specific relationships with strength gainsBontemps 2022BEffects of Different Uphill Interval-Training Programs on Running Economy and PerformanceBarnes 2013BShort Trail Running Race: Beyond the Classic Model for Endurance Running PerformanceEhrström 2018B+Health and Exercise-Related Medical Issues among 1,212 Ultramarathon Runners: Baseline Findings from the Ultrarunners Longitudinal TRAcking (ULTRA) StudyHoffman & Krishnan 2014B+Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance RunningBossi 2017B+Can Neuromuscular Fatigue Explain Running Strategies and Performance in Ultra-Marathons? The flush modelMillet 2011A-Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015Hew-Butler 2015B+How recreational marathon runners hit the wall: A large-scale data analysis of late-race pacing collapse in the marathonSmyth 2021BEffect of Exercise-Diet Manipulation on Muscle Glycogen and Its Subsequent Utilization During PerformanceSherman 1981B+The Effect of Periodization and Training Intensity Distribution on Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance: A Systematic ReviewKenneally 2018B+Pacing in Olympic track races: competitive tactics versus best performance strategyThiel 2012BEffects of optimal pacing strategies for 400-, 800-, and 1500-m races on the VO2 responseHanon 2011B+Anaerobic Speed/Power Reserve and Sport Performance: Scientific Basis, Current Applications and Future DirectionsSandford 2021C+Maximal Sprint Speed and the Anaerobic Speed Reserve Domain: The Untapped Tools that Differentiate the World's Best Male 800 m RunnersSandford 2018B+Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m RunnersHaugen 2021BEnergy system contribution to 400-metre and 800-metre track runningDuffield 2005AIncluding the Nordic hamstring exercise in injury prevention programmes halves the rate of hamstring injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 8459 athletesvan Dyk 2019A-Resisted Sled Sprint Training to Improve Sprint Performance: A Systematic ReviewPetrakos 2015A-Increases in Lower-Body Strength Transfer Positively to Sprint Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-AnalysisSeitz 2014B+The Training and Development of Elite Sprint Performance: an Integration of Scientific and Best Practice LiteratureHaugen 2019BRecovery of Inflammation, Cardiac, and Muscle Damage Biomarkers After Running a MarathonBernat-Adell 2021B+The week after running a marathon: Effects of running vs elliptical training vs resting on neuromuscular performance and muscle damage recoveryMartínez-Navarro 2021B+Effect of Two Different Weight-Loss Rates on Body Composition and Strength and Power-Related Performance in Elite AthletesGarthe 2011B-Adjusting a standard submaximal test so it ends at 86-93% of HRmax roughly halved the error of heart-rate recovery (typical error 6-7 → 3 bpm, CV ~11% → 4-5%) without changing HRR itselfLamberts RP 2011B+Systematic review of submaximal cycle tests: 12 studies, three distinct tests; predicted time to exhaustion, submaximal power, RPE and heart-rate recovery were the most useful variables, and the authors call for short, non-invasive, multivariable tests read togetherCapostagno B 2016B-Two days after an ultramarathon, trained runners on a standard submaximal treadmill test showed a lower heart rate at the same speeds, 7 bpm faster 60-s heart-rate recovery and higher RPEFatigue that looked like fitness on every heart-rate numberSiegl A 2017BDay-to-day variation in exercise heart rate falls as intensity rises: the lowest within-person variation, about 3 bpm, was at the end of a stage reaching 85-90% of HRmax, and HRR was least variable in the first minute after itLamberts RP 2009C+In six professional female cyclists on an 8-day training camp, the LSCT showed overreaching as higher power at the clamped heart rates plus higher RPE, and/or failure to reach 90% of HRmaxThe "better" power number was the fatigue sign; all values were back to baseline three days after the campDecroix L 2018C+In cyclists who did a two-week HIT block, heart-rate recovery rose in those whose 40-km time trial improved and fell in those whose did not; stage-2 power tended to rise only in the improversMaking HRR and stage-2 power the most sensitive LSCT markers of adaptation in this sampleCapostagno B 2021B-Cyclists whose four HIT sessions over two weeks were timed by a submaximal test improved their 40-km time trial by 48 ± 42 s, against 8 ± 45 s for cyclists on a fixed scheduleA large effect size in a small two-group studyCapostagno B 2014BA 15-minute submaximal cycle test (LSCT) was highly reliable in its second and third stages (ICC 0.85-1.00, typical error 1.3-4.4%), and mean power in stage 3 correlated with 40-km time-trial and peak power output at r = 0.91-0.94Far better than heart-rate recovery did (r = 0.55-0.68)Lamberts RP 2011B+Ten common criticisms of the critical power model, answered by the group that built itIncluding the one that matters most in practice: "indefinitely sustainable" was always the mathematician's "undefined", never the athlete's "forever"Black 2026BRidden at their own critical power, seven trained cyclists lasted between 20 and 41 minutesMean about 30 — with heart rate, V̇O₂ and lactate all still climbing at failure: CP is a domain boundary, not a steady state and not a durationBrickley 2002AIn previously inactive adults, interval training reaches 80% of its VO₂max gain in about 11 minutes a session and flattens by ~23; steady moderate training needs ~52 minutes for its 80% and had not flattened at the longest dose studiedA dose–response meta-analysis of 69 RCTsMattioni Maturana 2026AThe UCI position statement on nutrition for cycling: one governing-body consensus that puts numbers on energy availability, daily carbohydrate by training load, on-bike intake by race duration, recovery, hydration, bone and the six supplements with a caseAnd says plainly what it is not sure ofBurke 2026B"FTP" from a 20-min test is not an hour of power: time to exhaustion at 95% of 20-min power had a median of 35 min in recreationally trained cyclists, rising to 51 min in professionals, with wide individual spread at every levelSitko 2022