Science
The research the BLOCKS assistant answers from: 1,118 studies and 81 guides, each graded for how strong the evidence is and who it was measured on, with a link to the original paper.
139 entries in Endurance physiology
BReliability of the durability concept in professional cyclists: a field-based studyMateo-March 2025C+Conceptual review distinguishing four endurance-performance constructs and proposing a unified taxonomyMeixner 2025B+Carbohydrate Ingestion on Exercise Metabolism and Physical PerformanceComprehensive Endocrine Reviews synthesisNoakes 2026A-Factors influencing substrate oxidation during submaximal cycling: a modelling analysis434 studies: sex, dietary intake and exercise duration have the largest effects on RER; models explain at most 59% of the variationRothschild 2022BPerformance and Fatigue Patterns in Elite Cyclists During 6 h of Simulated Road RacingKlaris 2024BAssessment of metabolic flexibility by measuring blood lactate, fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise in professional endurance athletes and less-fit individualsFat oxidation and blood lactate are inversely correlated (r = -0.97 in pros, -0.76 across all groups)San-Millán & Brooks 2018B+Muscle glycogen stores and fatigueJournal of Physiology review: glycogen sits in distinct pools, and the intramyofibrillar pool near the SR is linked to reduced Ca²⁺ release in fatigueØrtenblad 2013B+Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolismBrooks' review: lactate is formed aerobically, shuttles between cells as fuel, gluconeogenic precursor and signal, and controls fat/carbohydrate partitioningBrooks 2020BDeterminants of time trial performance and maximal incremental exercise in highly trained endurance athletesIn 16 highly trained cyclists, muscle oxidative capacity predicts 26-km TT power, Hbmass predicts maximal incremental powerJacobs 2011A-Hematological, skeletal muscle fiber, and exercise performance adaptations to heat training in elite female and male cyclists5 weeks of 5 × 50 min heat sessions: Hbmass +4.0% (F) / +3.5% (M), muscle unchanged, LT, VO₂max and 15-min power upLundby 2023B+It's about the long game, not epic workouts: unpacking HIIT for endurance athletesHIIT as an optimization problem over years, not a maximization of the acute responseSeiler 2024C+Polarized training is not optimal for endurance athletesCounterpoint commentary: elites train pyramidal when time-in-zone is counted, and no study shows polarized beats pyramidalBurnley 2022B+Peripheral limitations for performance: muscle capillarizationReview: training adds ~10-20% capillaries per fibre within weeks in the untrained, slower in trained athletes; causal link to performance still scarceHellsten & Gliemann 2024AEffects of Exercise Training on Mitochondrial and Capillary Growth in Human Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-RegressionMølmen 2025B+Impact of alterations in total hemoglobin mass on VO₂maxReview: 1 g of Hbmass ≈ 4 mL/min of VO₂max; training expands plasma and red cells, hypoxia only red cellsSchmidt & Prommer 2010B+The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medalsPhysiological Reviews synthesis of muscle plasticity from inactive to elite, including aging athletesFurrer 2023B+Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performanceThe classic review: VO₂max is limited by O₂ delivery, submaximal performance by muscle adaptationsBassett & Howley 2000A-Anaerobic and aerobic energy system contribution during maximal exercise: a systematic review102 studies; the 50/50 point is 78.6 s, beyond ~80 s all-out efforts are majority-aerobic (updates Gastin 2001)Gastin & Suppiah 2026B+Models to explain fatigue during prolonged endurance cyclingSports Medicine review cataloguing eight linear fatigue models and their integration into a complex-systems model (foundation of PMEP)Abbiss & Laursen 2005B+Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptakePhysiological Reviews synthesis of contraction-stimulated glucose transportRichter & Hargreaves 2013B+Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptationCell Metabolism review of how acute exercise signals become training adaptationEgan & Zierath 2013B+Swifter, higher, stronger: what's on the menu?Science review of elite sports nutrition: no single "athletic diet", practices diverge by event demands and periodizationBurke & Hawley 2018B+Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanismsPhysiological Reviews synthesis; lactate/H⁺ is "probably of limited importance", the candidates are ions, SR Ca²⁺ release and ROSAllen 2008B+Exercise metabolism: fuels for the fireCold Spring Harbor review, predecessor to the 2020 Nature Metabolism reviewHargreaves & Spriet 2018B+Integrative biology of exerciseCell review consolidating molecular, cellular and systemic exercise biologyHawley 2014BA study of the glycogen metabolism during exercise in manThe foundational needle-biopsy study tying muscle glycogen depletion to loss of working capacityBergström & Hultman 1967BMaximal fat oxidation during exercise in trained menFatMax measured in 55 endurance-trained men plus a 10-subject reliability testAchten & Jeukendrup 2003BRegulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and durationThe foundational substrate-crossover tracer study (n=5)Romijn 1993B+Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exerciseNature Metabolism narrative review of ATP resynthesis, substrate utilization and ergogenic interventionsHargreaves & Spriet 2020A-The Role of Pedaling Intensity During Torque Training in Cyclists: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled TrialHigh-load vs low-load torque training vs controlde Pablos 2026BDurability as an independent parameter of endurance performance in cycling5-min and 20-min power after a 1000 kJ fatigue protocol in amateur cyclistsBarsumyan 2025BIn 13 well-trained cyclists and triathletes, 150 min of moderate riding cut VT1 power by 6% and 5-min TT power by 9%, and riders whose VT1 held up lost less TT power (rs = 0.72)While durability was not related to muscle carnosine, citrate synthase or complex I activityHamilton 2024BThe Relationship Between Physiological Characteristics and Durability in Male Professional CyclistsSpragg 2022BChanges in cycling efficiency and performance after endurance exerciseEarly demonstration that prolonged riding lowers 5-min power together with gross efficiencyPassfield & Doust 2000BInfluence of Pedal Cadence on the Respiratory Compensation Point and Its Relation to Critical PowerBroxterman 2015BInfluence of Upright Versus Time Trial Cycling Position on Determination of Critical Power and W' in Trained CyclistsKordi 2019B+Differences in Performance Assessments Conducted Indoors and Outdoors in Professional CyclistsLipski 2022BCarbohydrate Ingestion During Prolonged Exercise Blunts the Reduction in Power Output at the Moderate-to-Heavy Intensity TransitionDudley-Rode 2025BProlonged Exercise Shifts Ventilatory Parameters at the Moderate-to-Heavy Intensity TransitionStevenson 2024BProlonged Cycling Reduces Power Output at the Moderate-to-Heavy Intensity TransitionStevenson 2022