Science
The research the BLOCKS assistant answers from: 1,169 studies and 82 guides, each graded for how strong the evidence is and who it was measured on, with a link to the original paper.
1,169 entries
B+Carbohydrate Ingestion on Exercise Metabolism and Physical PerformanceComprehensive Endocrine Reviews synthesisNoakes 2026A-Factors influencing substrate oxidation during submaximal cycling: a modelling analysis434 studies: sex, dietary intake and exercise duration have the largest effects on RER; models explain at most 59% of the variationRothschild 2022BPerformance and Fatigue Patterns in Elite Cyclists During 6 h of Simulated Road RacingKlaris 2024BAssessment of metabolic flexibility by measuring blood lactate, fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise in professional endurance athletes and less-fit individualsFat oxidation and blood lactate are inversely correlated (r = -0.97 in pros, -0.76 across all groups)San-Millán & Brooks 2018B+Muscle glycogen stores and fatigueJournal of Physiology review: glycogen sits in distinct pools, and the intramyofibrillar pool near the SR is linked to reduced Ca²⁺ release in fatigueØrtenblad 2013B+Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolismBrooks' review: lactate is formed aerobically, shuttles between cells as fuel, gluconeogenic precursor and signal, and controls fat/carbohydrate partitioningBrooks 2020BDeterminants of time trial performance and maximal incremental exercise in highly trained endurance athletesIn 16 highly trained cyclists, muscle oxidative capacity predicts 26-km TT power, Hbmass predicts maximal incremental powerJacobs 2011A-Hematological, skeletal muscle fiber, and exercise performance adaptations to heat training in elite female and male cyclists5 weeks of 5 × 50 min heat sessions: Hbmass +4.0% (F) / +3.5% (M), muscle unchanged, LT, VO₂max and 15-min power upLundby 2023B+It's about the long game, not epic workouts: unpacking HIIT for endurance athletesHIIT as an optimization problem over years, not a maximization of the acute responseSeiler 2024C+Polarized training is not optimal for endurance athletesCounterpoint commentary: elites train pyramidal when time-in-zone is counted, and no study shows polarized beats pyramidalBurnley 2022B+Peripheral limitations for performance: muscle capillarizationReview: training adds ~10-20% capillaries per fibre within weeks in the untrained, slower in trained athletes; causal link to performance still scarceHellsten & Gliemann 2024AEffects of Exercise Training on Mitochondrial and Capillary Growth in Human Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-RegressionMølmen 2025B+Impact of alterations in total hemoglobin mass on VO₂maxReview: 1 g of Hbmass ≈ 4 mL/min of VO₂max; training expands plasma and red cells, hypoxia only red cellsSchmidt & Prommer 2010B+The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medalsPhysiological Reviews synthesis of muscle plasticity from inactive to elite, including aging athletesFurrer 2023B+Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performanceThe classic review: VO₂max is limited by O₂ delivery, submaximal performance by muscle adaptationsBassett & Howley 2000BA Warm Environment Reduces Exogenous Glucose Oxidation and Endurance Performance during Cycling with Facing Airflow32 °C vs 19 °C with realistic airflow: exogenous glucose oxidation −14-15%, ~15-min TT 15% slowerReynolds 2024A-Anaerobic and aerobic energy system contribution during maximal exercise: a systematic review102 studies; the 50/50 point is 78.6 s, beyond ~80 s all-out efforts are majority-aerobic (updates Gastin 2001)Gastin & Suppiah 2026B+Models to explain fatigue during prolonged endurance cyclingSports Medicine review cataloguing eight linear fatigue models and their integration into a complex-systems model (foundation of PMEP)Abbiss & Laursen 2005B+Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptakePhysiological Reviews synthesis of contraction-stimulated glucose transportRichter & Hargreaves 2013B+Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptationCell Metabolism review of how acute exercise signals become training adaptationEgan & Zierath 2013B+Swifter, higher, stronger: what's on the menu?Science review of elite sports nutrition: no single "athletic diet", practices diverge by event demands and periodizationBurke & Hawley 2018B+Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanismsPhysiological Reviews synthesis; lactate/H⁺ is "probably of limited importance", the candidates are ions, SR Ca²⁺ release and ROSAllen 2008B+Exercise metabolism: fuels for the fireCold Spring Harbor review, predecessor to the 2020 Nature Metabolism reviewHargreaves & Spriet 2018B+Integrative biology of exerciseCell review consolidating molecular, cellular and systemic exercise biologyHawley 2014BA study of the glycogen metabolism during exercise in manThe foundational needle-biopsy study tying muscle glycogen depletion to loss of working capacityBergström & Hultman 1967BMaximal fat oxidation during exercise in trained menFatMax measured in 55 endurance-trained men plus a 10-subject reliability testAchten & Jeukendrup 2003BRegulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and durationThe foundational substrate-crossover tracer study (n=5)Romijn 1993B+Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exerciseNature Metabolism narrative review of ATP resynthesis, substrate utilization and ergogenic interventionsHargreaves & Spriet 2020B+Gross Efficiency Response to Endurance TrainingPhenotypic trade-off with VO₂max adaptationHopker 2012B+Individual response to exercise trainingA statistical perspective on what valid responder classification requiresHecksteden 2018B+Can Genetic Testing Identify Talent for Sport?Review of the limits and prospects of genetic testing for talent identificationPickering & Kiely 2019B+Genomic predictors of the maximal O₂ uptake response to standardized exercise training21-SNP polygenic score for trainabilityBouchard 2011B+HRV-guided training: individualized periodization based on daily autonomic readinessExemplar of wearable-based phenotypingVesterinen 2016AACE Insertion/Deletion polymorphism and the elite endurance phenotypeUpdated systematic review and meta-analysisSommers 2024A-ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and power/endurance phenotypeMost-replicated single-gene association for athletic phenotypeACTN3 R577X Meta-Analysis 2024B+High Responders and Low Responders: Factors Associated with Individual Variation in Response to Standardized TrainingMann 2014B+True and false interindividual differences in the physiological response to an interventionMethodological foundation for analyzing individual response varianceAtkinson & Batterham 2015B+Familial aggregation of VO₂max response to trainingThe HERITAGE Family Study paper establishing the genetic component of trainabilityBouchard 1999A-The Role of Pedaling Intensity During Torque Training in Cyclists: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled TrialHigh-load vs low-load torque training vs controlde Pablos 2026BDurability as an independent parameter of endurance performance in cycling5-min and 20-min power after a 1000 kJ fatigue protocol in amateur cyclistsBarsumyan 2025