Science
The research the BLOCKS assistant answers from: 1,118 studies and 81 guides, each graded for how strong the evidence is and who it was measured on, with a link to the original paper.
140 entries in Endurance physiology
CMetabolic Factors Limiting Performance in Marathon RunnersRapoport 2010BPhysiological demands of running at 2-hour marathon race paceJones 2021B+The 'Critical Power' Concept: Applications to Sports Performance with a Focus on Intermittent High-Intensity ExerciseJones & Vanhatalo 2017BChanges in force production, blood lactate and EMG activity in the 400-m sprintNummela 1992BReference Values and Improvement of Aerodynamic Drag in Professional CyclistsGarcía-López 2008B+The Effect of Time Trial Cycling Position on Physiological and Aerodynamic VariablesFintelman 2015BPhysical Demands of Sprinting in Professional Road CyclingMenaspà 2015BEnhanced durability predicts success in amateur road cycling: evidence of power output declinesBarsumyan 2025BMaintaining Power Output with Accumulating Levels of Work Done Is a Key Determinant for Success in Professional Cyclingvan Erp 2021B+The Physical Demands and Power Profile of Professional Men's Cycling Races: An Updated ReviewSanders & van Erp 2021B+Anaerobic Speed/Power Reserve and Sport Performance: Scientific Basis, Current Applications and Future DirectionsSandford 2021C+Maximal Sprint Speed and the Anaerobic Speed Reserve Domain: The Untapped Tools that Differentiate the World's Best Male 800 m RunnersSandford 2018BEnergy system contribution to 400-metre and 800-metre track runningDuffield 2005B+Ten common criticisms of the critical power model, answered by the group that built itIncluding the one that matters most in practice: "indefinitely sustainable" was always the mathematician's "undefined", never the athlete's "forever"Black 2026BRidden at their own critical power, seven trained cyclists lasted between 20 and 41 minutesMean about 30 — with heart rate, V̇O₂ and lactate all still climbing at failure: CP is a domain boundary, not a steady state and not a durationBrickley 2002B"FTP" from a 20-min test is not an hour of power: time to exhaustion at 95% of 20-min power had a median of 35 min in recreationally trained cyclists, rising to 51 min in professionals, with wide individual spread at every levelSitko 2022B+Across 888 athletes from recreational to world class, V̇O₂max explained 65–76% of the between-athlete differences in power or speed at the lactate thresholds, economy 20–24%, and fractional utilisation only 4–11%Mougin 2026BEvenness of power around the crankNot how "effectively" force is aimed — was the only predictor of gross efficiency, and it accounted for 56% of the difference between cyclistsLeirdal & Ettema 2011B+Six 30-second sprints changed a quarter of the measurable plasma proteome; 90 minutes of moderate cycling changed seven proteinsAnd the ones sprint raised are those linked, in 53,026 people, to lower cardiometabolic riskOlsen 2026B+Adding fructose to maltodextrin during a 4-hour recovery gave a 33% longer second run to exhaustion the same dayThe point at which faster liver glycogen repletion stops being a mechanism and becomes a performance resultMaunder 2018B+Critical power and lactate-threshold markers agree strongly on average and disagree widely on the individual: correlations r = 0.81-0.98, but limits of agreement of ±22 to ±52 WValenzuela 2021B+Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applicationsProske & Morgan 2001BCreatine kinase and myoglobin 1 h after a race in mountain-bike vs road cyclistsDamage markers relate to performance in opposite directions by disciplineHebisz 2022BMyofibrillar disruption after identical resistance exercise: strength-trained 45% of fibres vs untrained 82%Damage resistance is trainableGibala 2000AThe impact of exercise-induced muscle damage on various cycling performance metrics: a systematic review and meta-analysisDevantier-Thomas 2024BInternal and External Load Characteristics in Professional Female Cyclists During Highly Successful and Less Successful SeasonsRoete 2025BElite versus non-elite cyclistStepping up to the international/elite ranks from U23 cyclingLeo 2022C+Force application, pedaling technique, muscle coordination, gradient effects, competitive-level differencesPedaling Biomechanics & Cycling Efficiency — composite evidenceB+Mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex and an adaptive role for lactate productionHashimoto & Brooks 2008B+Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millenniumGladden 2004B+Science and cycling: current knowledge and future directions for researchAtkinson 2003BEnergy expenditure equation choice: effects on cycling efficiency and its reliabilityBossi 2020B+The effect of training volume and intensity on competitive cyclists' efficiencyHopker 2010BChanges in cycling efficiency during a competitive seasonHopker 2009B+Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkersBurke 2017BInfluence of training status, age, and muscle fibre type on cycling efficiency and endurance performanceHopker 2013BCycling efficiency is related to the percentage of type I muscle fibresCoyle 1992A-Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Cycling Time Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisMeta of CHO mouth rinseBrietzke 2019BCNS fatigue and prolonged exercise: effect of glucose supplementationExperimental linking of substrate to the CNSNybo 2003B+Central fatigue: the serotonin hypothesis and beyondFoundational review of CNS fatigue neurochemistryMeeusen 2006