Science
The research the BLOCKS assistant answers from: 1,118 studies and 81 guides, each graded for how strong the evidence is and who it was measured on, with a link to the original paper.
85 entries in Other sports
C+Multiple-pulley ruptures are the surgical ones and they are time-critical: double-pulley injuries need surgery if therapy starts later than 10 days after the injury, and full load returns only after 6–9 monthsSimon 2022B+Taping may reduce bowstringing of the finger flexor tendons by 15–22%, but its effect on pain, return time or rupture prevention is not reliableNo definite recommendation for tape can be givenLarsson 2022B-After a complete pulley rupture treated with a pulley-protection splint, 38 of 43 climbers were back at their previous level at a mean of 8.8 months, with no deficit in range of motion or strengthSchneeberger & Schweizer 2016B+Dynamic ultrasound in forced flexion detects finger pulley injuries with 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity; a tendon-to-bone distance above 1.0 mm counts as positiveKlauser 2002BPulley injuries were 20% of 604 climbing injuries; nine in ten ruptures were a single pulley, and grades 1–3 responded to conservative treatment while grade 4 needed surgerySchöffl 2003BEstimation of hand forces and propelling efficiency during front crawl swimming with hand paddlesGourgoulis 2008BEffect of swimming intensity on subsequent cycling and overall triathlon performancePeeling 2005BDrafting Distance in SwimmingChatard & Wilson 2003BWet suit effect: a comparison between competitive swimmers and triathletesChatard 1995BHow fins affect the economy and efficiency of human swimmingZamparo 2002BEffects of Training on Performance in Competitive SwimmingMujika 1995BAdaptations to swimming training: influence of training volumeCostill 1991BDifferences in propelling efficiency between competitive and triathlon swimmersToussaint 1990BCritical Swimming Speed Does not Represent the Speed at Maximal Lactate Steady StateDekerle 2005BValidity and Reliability of Critical Speed, Critical Stroke Rate, and Anaerobic Capacity in Relation to Front Crawl Swimming PerformancesDekerle 2002BDetermination and validity of critical velocity as an index of swimming performance in the competitive swimmerWakayoshi 1992BPhysiological Characteristics of Elite Short- and Long-Distance TriathletesMillet 2003C+Factors Influencing Pacing in TriathlonWu 2014BIntensity Profile during an Ultra-endurance Triathlon in Relation to Testing and PerformanceBarrero 2014CEffects of Wetsuit Use in Swimming Events: Practical RecommendationsChatard & Millet 1996C+Swimming Intensity During Triathlon: A Review of Current Research and Strategies to Enhance Race PerformancePeeling & Landers 2009C+Factors Affecting Performance in an Ultraendurance TriathlonLaursen & Rhodes 2001C+Triathlon Related Musculoskeletal Injuries: The Status of Injury Prevention KnowledgeGosling 2008BCycling Attributes That Enhance Running Performance After the Cycle Section in TriathlonEtxebarria 2013BDynamic Pacing Strategies during the Cycle Phase of an Ironman TriathlonAbbiss 2006BModelling the Transfers of Training Effects on Performance in Elite TriathletesMillet 2002BOver 38 years (10 Olympiads), successful Olympic speed skaters shifted their training toward more time in the lowest lactate zone and less in the middle and high zonesTotal hours did not riseOrie 2014BShort-track time trials left talented skaters more tired 2 and 4 h later than long-track, with lower right-leg quadriceps resaturationShort-track looks more demanding and needs longer recoveryHettinga 2016BMeasuring 8 elite skaters in 1,500 m race simulations corrected the power-balance model: anaerobic power does not follow an "all-out" pattern, aerobic power rises faster than assumed, and skating position changes through the race (knee angle opens, trunk angle decreases)de Koning 2005BThe low skating position restricts working-muscle blood flow: in the low crouch VO2peak and VO2 at 4 mmol/L lactate fell well below cycling, and maximal cardiac output fell in both skating positions through a smaller stroke volumeFoster 1999BElite speed skaters differ from well-trained ones in position as much as engine: a smaller pre-extension knee angle with more work per stroke, higher stroke frequency and "efficiency"Plus higher aerobic powervan Ingen Schenau 1983BAt the Ironman World Championship, the athletes who did better relative to their goal times held FASTER relative speeds on downhill bike and run segments and kept their HR steadier between the climb and the descentPoorly self-regulated downhills, not surges, marked the low performersJohnson 2015BIn 20 draft-legal World Cup races, the winner exited the swim in the first pack in 90% of men's and 70% of women's racesBut final placing correlated most with the run (r 0.86 men / 0.85 women), then the bike (0.67), then the swim (0.49 / 0.39)Landers 2008BDrafting continuously behind a lead cyclist, versus alternating the lead every 500 m, cut bike VO2 (49.9 vs 59.8 mL/min/kg), HR (155 vs 173 bpm) and lactate (3.5 vs 6.3 mmol/L) and produced a faster 5 km run (17.87 vs 17.15 km/h) in 10 national-level triathletesHausswirth 2001BCycling cadence (60, 80 or 100 rpm for 20 min) made no difference to a subsequent 3 km run in 9 well-trained triathletesThe run was 7-9% slower after any cycling than in isolation (626-638 s vs 583 s)Bernard 2003A-Systematic review of 39 studies: most found running performance worse after cycling than in a control run, but the physiological and biomechanical explanations conflict, and whether changing cycling cadence or intensity helps the run is unclearBini 2022B+Open-water swimming in cold and warm water: little evidence underpins water-temperature limits, acclimatised swimmers cannot judge their own thermal state, and cardiac eventsNot only thermal responses — appear to be the primary cause of death; the review gives event-organisation guidelinesTipton & Bradford 2014BIn 18 national-level age-group swimmers (13.5 y), a USRPT set (2 × 10 × 25 m at 100 m pace) gave higher swim velocity with lower lactate, glucose, HR and RPE than a 5 × 50 m HIIT setBut also lower distance per stroke and stroke indexPapadimitriou 2023B+Systematic review of 35 observational studies (n=507 backstrokers, Tier 3-4): 50, 100 and 200 m backstroke have distinct profilesLower post-race lactate in the 50, event-specific stroke-rate ranges, anthropometric differences and different pacing shapes — with normative reference valuesGonzález-Ravé 2025B+Systematic review of 27 studies: adding strength training to swimming improved performance more than swim-only, but in-water resisted, swim-like dryland and non-specific dryland methods all gave similar gains (~2-2.5%)No method is clearly bestFone & van den Tillaar 2022