Science
The research the BLOCKS assistant answers from: 1,118 studies and 81 guides, each graded for how strong the evidence is and who it was measured on, with a link to the original paper.
102 entries in Running, injury & shoes
A-Incidence of Running-Related Injuries Per 1000 h of running in Different Types of Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisVidebæk 2015B+Predictors of Running-Related Injuries Among 930 Novice Runners: A 1-Year Prospective Follow-up StudyNielsen 2013ANo effect of a graded training program on the number of running-related injuries in novice runners: a randomized controlled trialBuist 2007A-A Randomized Study of a Strength Training Program to Prevent Injuries in Runners of the New York City MarathonToresdahl 2019B+Overuse injuries in professional road cyclistsClarsen 2010A-High-load strength training improves outcome in patients with plantar fasciitis: A randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-upRathleff 2014B+Iliotibial band syndrome in runners: a systematic reviewvan der Worp 2012B+Is combining gait retraining or an exercise programme with education better than education alone in treating runners with patellofemoral pain? A randomised clinical trialEsculier 2017B+Predictor variables for a 100-km race time in male ultra-marathonersKnechtle 2010BThe effect of long-distance bicycling on ulnar and median nerves: an electrophysiologic evaluation of cyclist palsyAkuthota 2005A-The Effect of Nordic Hamstring Exercise Intervention Volume on Eccentric Strength and Muscle Architecture Adaptations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysesCuthbert 2019BPreferred and optimal stride frequency, stiffness and economy: changes with fatigue during a 1-h high-intensity runHunter 2007A-Influence of Stride Frequency and Length on Running Mechanics: A Systematic ReviewSchubert 2013A-The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsLauersen 2013B+Fatigue associated with prolonged graded runningGiandolini 2016BPacing by Winners of a 161-km Mountain UltramarathonHoffman 2014BPhysiological factors determining downhill vs uphill running endurance performanceLemire 2021BPerformance Factors in a Mountain UltramarathonBalducci 2017C+Physiology and Pathophysiology in Ultra-Marathon RunningKnechtle & Nikolaidis 2018B+Trail running injury risk factors: a living systematic reviewViljoen 2022BThe time course of different neuromuscular adaptations to short-term downhill running training and their specific relationships with strength gainsBontemps 2022BEffects of Different Uphill Interval-Training Programs on Running Economy and PerformanceBarnes 2013BShort Trail Running Race: Beyond the Classic Model for Endurance Running PerformanceEhrström 2018B+Health and Exercise-Related Medical Issues among 1,212 Ultramarathon Runners: Baseline Findings from the Ultrarunners Longitudinal TRAcking (ULTRA) StudyHoffman & Krishnan 2014B+Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance RunningBossi 2017B+Can Neuromuscular Fatigue Explain Running Strategies and Performance in Ultra-Marathons? The flush modelMillet 2011AIncluding the Nordic hamstring exercise in injury prevention programmes halves the rate of hamstring injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 8459 athletesvan Dyk 2019BThe 1% treadmill grade is a speed-dependent correction, not a universal settingIt starts mattering at about 12 km/h, and below that 0% and 1% are indistinguishable from the roadJones & Doust 1996C+The injury question is open, not answered: AFT shifts several biomechanical variables associated with bone stress injury, but this study did not measure whether injuries actually increaseBruneau 2026BSuper shoes are not only for fast runners: at 7.5-12 km/h the metabolic saving was present and independent of speedBolliger 2026B+Super-shoe savings on a +/-3° treadmill: 3.83% level, 2.82% uphill (significantly less than level), 2.70% downhill (not significantly different)A hilly course likely returns slightly lessWhiting 2022B+In actual world-class marathon racing the gain is 1.0%, about 79 secondsA quarter of the laboratory figureLangley 2024APooled across 14 trials the effect is ~2-3%, not 4%And the plate alone cannot be credited for itKobayashi 2026B+The founding "4%" study: with shoe mass matched, prototype plated-foam shoes lowered the energetic cost of running in all 18 athletes testedThe effect is the midsole and plate, not the weightHoogkamer 2018B+Populations that have been barefoot their whole lives have wider feet, smaller hallux angles and less ankle dorsiflexion at footstrikeAnd no difference in injury ratesHollander 2017A-What minimalist shoes actually deliver: a modest gain in toe strength, conflicting evidence on muscle size, and low to very low certaintyMuch less than the marketing, and not nothingPeters-Dickie 2025ACochrane review, 12 trials and 11,240 runners: no shoe type reliably reduces running injuriesIncluding cushioned versus minimalist — and prescribing shoes by foot posture does not workRelph 2022B+Ten weeks of gradual transition to Vibram FiveFingers put bone marrow edema into the feet of half the groupThe specific shoe, the specific timeline, and a measured costRidge 2013BThe paper that started the barefoot movement measured collision forces, NOT injuries: habitually barefoot forefoot strikers generate a smaller impact peak than shod rearfoot strikersThe injury claim attached to it was never tested hereLieberman 2010BAt UTMB (168 km, 27-44 h), runners rested about 12 minutes on average, and sleep loss plus the effort impaired cognitionFrom slower reaction times to visual hallucinations, regardless of how long they restedHurdiel 2014