Science
The research the BLOCKS assistant answers from: 1,170 studies and 82 guides, each graded for how strong the evidence is and who it was measured on, with a link to the original paper.
1,170 entries
B+Pre-exercise carbohydrate or protein ingestion influences substrate oxidation but not performance or hunger compared with cycling in the fasted stateRothschild 2021BProtein requirements are elevated in endurance athletes after exercise as determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation methodKato 2016AEffects of pre-sleep protein consumption on muscle-related outcomesA systematic reviewReis 2020AEffects of Timing and Types of Protein Supplementation on Improving Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Network Meta-AnalysisZhou 2023AInternational Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on exercise and performanceFerrando 2023BProtein requirements may be lower on a training compared to rest day but are not influenced by moderate training volumes in endurance trained malesMoore 2024AProtein Nutrition for Endurance Athletes: A Metabolic Focus on Promoting Recovery and Training AdaptationWitard 2025B+Adaptations to aerobic interval training: interactive effects of exercise intensity and total work durationSeiler 2013B+Optimizing strength training for running and cycling endurance performance: A reviewRønnestad & Mujika 2014B+Effects of Alternating Unilateral vs. Bilateral Resistance Training on Sprint and Endurance Cycling Performance in Trained Endurance Athletes: A 3-Armed, Randomized, Controlled, Pilot TrialJi 2022B+10 weeks of heavy strength training improves performance-related measurements in elite cyclistsRønnestad 2017B+Strength training improves 5-min all-out performance following 185 min of cyclingRønnestad 2011B+Dynamics of the power-duration relationship during prolonged endurance exercise and influence of carbohydrate ingestionClark 2019BFour hours of race-like intermittent riding at 100 g CHO/h cut 6-min time-trial power by ~10% and peak power by ~6% in twelve elite cyclistsAnd none of the fresh lab measures (LT1, efficiency, fat oxidation, VO₂peak) predicted who faded mostØrtenblad 2024BPower output at the moderate-to-heavy intensity transition decreases in a non-linear fashion during prolonged exerciseIn 12 trained cyclists VT1 power had fallen 5% after 139 ± 78 min, task failure came at 234 ± 66 min, and both tracked rested fat-oxidation rateGallo 2024C+Substrate Metabolism During Ironman Triathlon: Different Horses on the Same CoursesMaunder 2018B+Physiological Resilience: What Is It and How Might It Be Trained?Jones & Kirby 2025C+Why low-intensity endurance training for athletes?Matomäki 2025BBest-Practice Training Characteristics Within Olympic Endurance Sports as Described by Norwegian World-Class CoachesSandbakk 2025B+A Moderate-Intensity Interval Training Block Improves Endurance Performance in Well-Trained CyclistsMølmen 2025BEffects of 12 weeks of block periodization on performance and performance indices in well-trained cyclistsRønnestad 2014BLong-term passive heat acclimation enhances maximal oxygen consumption via haematological and cardiac adaptation in endurance runners5 weeks of hot-water immersion (5 × 45 min/week, ≥40 °C) in 10 well-trained runners: Hb mass +33 g, blood volume +284 mL, LVEDV +10 mL, VO2max +2.7 mL/kg/min, speed at VO2max +0.8 km/hJenkins 2025B+Substituting Low-Intensity Endurance Exercise With High-Intensity Microintervals: Responses to Acute ExerciseMatomäki 2025ARespiratory Muscle Training and endurance performance in healthy individuals: systematic review (46 studies) and meta-analysis (8 controlled trials)Illi 2012BBi-exponential modelling of W' reconstitution kinetics in trained cyclistsAbout half of W' returns fast (time constant 21.5 s) and half slowly (388 s); after a second exhaustive bout the slow half slows further (716 s)Chorley 2022BHIDIT — High-Intensity Decreasing Interval Training increases time above 90% VO2peak; also: work-above-CP is NOT a valid HIT-effectiveness metricVaccari 2020B+Pacing and Decision Making in Sport and Exercise: The Roles of Perception and Action in the Regulation of Exercise IntensitySmits 2014BDetermination of Optimal Pacing Strategy in Track Cycling with an Energy Flow ModelDe Koning 1999CPower Variation Strategies for Cycling Time Trials: A Differential Equation ModelBoswell 2012CVariable pacing on terrain in road cycling time trialsWhat modelling studies sayZignoli 2020BThe Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation on Resistance Training-Induced AdaptationsHeileson 2023B+Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Processes: From Molecules to ManCalder 2017B+A 3-min All-Out Test to Determine Peak Oxygen Uptake and the Maximal Steady StateBurnley 2006BRelative Pedaling Forces Are Low During CyclingBarranco-Gil 2024B+Low Cadence Interval Training at Moderate Intensity Does Not Improve Cycling Performance in Highly Trained Veteran CyclistsKristoffersen 2014A-Effects of Cycling Training at Imposed Low Cadences: A Systematic ReviewHansen & Rønnestad 2017B+Caffeine and Exercise: Metabolism, Endurance and PerformanceGraham 2001AISSN Position Stand: Caffeine and Performance (2010)Goldstein 2010B+Exercise and Sport Performance with Low Doses of CaffeineSpriet 2014C+Cooling interventions for athletes: effectiveness, mechanisms and practical considerationsBongers 2017